Detection of Denial of Service Attacks Using Echo State Networks
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are major threats to cybersecurity in communication networks. These cyber attacks are evolving and becoming more difficult to identify and, hence, a number of intrusion detection approaches have been proposed. Various machine learning techniques have proved useful in detecting such anomalies. We rely on supervised machine learning and apply echo state networks to detect known DoS and DDoS attacks. Echo state networks belong to a reservoir computing approach used to train recurrent neural networks. Their performance is compared to bidirectional long short-term memory using datasets collected by the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity and the RIPE and Route Views data collection sites. Performance is evaluated based on accuracy, F-Score, false alarm rate, and training time. Experimental results indicate that echo state networks have comparable performance and shorter training time.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it