Evaluation of the efficacy of gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser acupuncture in the management of knee osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/aim Knee osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disease affecting the joint, causing progressive loss of cartilage and inflammation. Its main symptoms are pain and stiffness. Medications such as NSAIDs have little benefit and are usually accompanied by serious adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of laser acupuncture in the management of stage 2 or 3 knee osteoarthritis. Patients and methods The study was carried out on 30 patients (24 females and six males) diagnosed as having stage 2 or 3 knee osteoarthritis. The patients were recruited from the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic at the Medical Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. The patients were subjected to low-power laser (gallium-aluminum-arsenide 905 nm) with touch sensor guide light, power output of 100 mill watts, beam area of 1 cm 2 , 1-min irradiation time, frequency 10 000 Hz, duty cycle 100%, total energy per point 6 J, energy density 6 J/cm 2 , and irradiance 0.1 W/cm 2 , for 3 days/week for a duration of 4 weeks (12 session), directed at various acupuncture points (ST 35, ST 36, Sp 9, Sp 10, GB 34, Sp 6, and liv3). Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed before and after laser therapy. Results Pain on visual analog scale, number of tender points, tenderness score, angle of knee flexion, heel to hip distance, Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale score, and Lequesne Index showed significant improvement after treatment ( P <0.05). Timed up and go test result was decreased after laser sessions, but its improvement was insignificant statistically. Significant improvement and increase of enkephalin and immunoglobulin (IL-4) were recorded after treatment. Conclusion Laser acupuncture showed efficacy in the management of stage 2 or 3 knee osteoarthritis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.034 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".