Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Over the past decade, static metasurfaces have proved to be low-profile and efficient apparatuses for transformation of electromagnetic waves. However, such metasurfaces are restricted by their reciprocal and time- and frequency-invariant responses. To overcome these restrictions, space-time-modulated metasurfaces have recently been introduced for versatile, reciprocal/nonreciprocal, and frequency translation of electromagnetic waves. These are capable of changing both the momentum and energy of the incident wave and provide functionalities that are far beyond the capabilities of conventional static and reciprocal metasurfaces. This Perspective provides a discussion on the unique functionalities of a microwave space-time-modulated metasurface. In particular, we review various techniques that have been recently used for the realization of metasurfaces introducing spatiotemporal decomposition, scattering and diffraction, digital coding, nonreciprocal transmission, serrodyne frequency translation, pure frequency conversion, parametric wave amplification, and multifunctional operations. Although the paper focuses on microwave space-time metasurfaces, the described concepts can inspire realization of their optical counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".