Optical and Infrared Phase Curves of the Lava Planet K2-141 b
Bibliographic record
Abstract
K2-141 b is a transiting, small (1.5 RE) Ultra-Short-Period (USP) planet orbiting its star every 6.7 hours discovered by the Kepler space telescope. The planet’s high surface temperature of more than 2000 K makes it an excellent target for atmospheric studies by the observation of its thermal emission. We present 65 hours of continuous photometric observations of K2-141 b collected with Spitzer’s IRAC Channel 2 at 4.5 microns spanning 10 full phases of the orbit. Our best fit model of the Spitzer data shows no significant offset of the thermal hotspot and is inconsistent with the observed offset of the well-studied USP planet 55 Cnc e at a 3.7 sigma level. We measure an eclipse depth of 142 +/- 40 ppm and an amplitude variation of 120 +/- 40 ppm in the infrared. The joint analysis of the observations collected in the two photometric bands favors a non-zero geometric albedo with Ag = 0.26 +/- 0.07 and a tentative temperature gradient. With a dayside temperature of 2141 -361 +352 K and a night-side temperature of 1077 -623 +473 K we also find no evidence of heat redistribution on the planet. We compare the observations to a 1D rock vapor model and a 1D circulation toy model and argue that the data are best explained by a thin rock vapor atmosphere with a thermal inversion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".