Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in previously undiagnosed patients: A community screening study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Forty percent of hepatitis B carriers have no knowledge of their diagnosis. A prior study in British Columbia suggested high rates of hepatitis B among immigrants. The authors undertook a large-scale screening study to validate these rates. METHODS: Attendees at Asian health fairs without knowledge of their hepatitis B status participated. They completed a questionnaire, and blood was drawn for HBV serologies. Active HBV was defined as HBV surface antigen positive. RESULTS: Of 2,726 patients, 1,704 (62.5%) were female and 1,022 (37.5%) male. Mean age was 62.7 (SD 22.1) years, and mean time of residing in Canada was 27.5 (SD 15.3) years. Most patients originated from China (1,042 patients, 38.2%) and Hong Kong (871, 31.2%). Fifty-six patients tested positive (seroprevalence rate 2.05%, 95% CI 1.52%–2.59%). Most seropositive patients were from China (28 patients, 50.0%). Mean time of residence in Canada for seropositive patients (23.8 [SD 2.1] y) was less than seronegative patients (27.6 [SD 0.3] y) ( p = 0.06). There was a trend towards association of seropositivity with time of residence in Canada (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.00, p = 0.09). 8 (14.3%) seropositive patients did not have family doctors, compared with 128 (4.8%) seronegative patients. Lack of a family doctor was strongly associated with seropositivity (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.32–7.25, χ2 = 10.42, p = 0.001). INTERPRETATION: The authors have shown that high risk immigrant populations may have seroprevalence rates as high as 2,700 per 100,000. Lack of a family physician was associated with seropositivity. These results should be used to design improved outreach programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".