Classifying antibiotics in the WHO Essential Medicines List for optimal use-be AWaRe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optimising the use of antimicrobials is a key priority of the global strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance. 1 WHOGlobal action plan on antimicrobial resistance. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdfDate: 2015 Google Scholar Antibiotic usage guidance should be developed to meet the aims of Sustainable Development Goal 3: achieving universal access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable medicines. 2 United NationsTransforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdfDate: 2015 Google Scholar Improving global prescribing is a complex issue that requires pragmatic short-term targets, ambitious long-term goals, and realistic expectations. In low-income and middle-income countries, it is difficult to identify specific targets for intervention. 3 Wirtz VJ Hogerzeil HV Gray AL et al. Essential medicines for universal health coverage. Lancet. 2017; 389: 403-476 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (306) Google Scholar Furthermore, sustained, reliable availability of antibiotics at an affordable cost and adequate quality remains a major concern for high-income, low-income, and middle-income countries. 4 Pulcini C Beovic B Béraud G et al. Ensuring universal access to old antibiotics: a critical but neglected priority. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017; 23: 590-592 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar Regular shortages and the high cost of older, off-patent antibiotics are an increasing threat to their optimal use. 5 Pulcini C Mohrs S Beovic B et al. Forgotten antibiotics: a follow-up inventory study in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017; 49: 98-101 Crossref PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar Defining which antibiotics should be the focus at different levels of stewardship intervention is a global priority. 6 Davey P Marwick CA Scott CL et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2 (CD003543) Crossref PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".