Nesantuokinių vaikų motinos Vilniaus dekanate XVIII a.: socialinis statusas ir geografinė kilmė
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores the mothers of illegitimate children in the eighteenth-century Vilnius deanery from a perspective of historical demography. While historians in the Western world have produced many studies focused on the phenomenon of illegitimacy, the Lithuanian scientists have not done much in exploring illegitimacy in early modern Vilnius. This article is one of the first attempts to explore illegitimacy and its patterns of historical demography by paying attention to the women who had children outside the wedlock. The analysis of sociodemographic characteristics of the mothers firstly revealed the mystery of illegitimate maternities: while we do not have any information about at least a quarter of these mothers’ social and geographical origin, this issue reveals the dominant negative attitude towards these women at the time. Collected data from parish books led to the anticipated conclusion that the majority of mothers had lower social status, although some of them were part of the nobility. The analysis of given surnames of these mothers showed that the majority of them were unmarried. This fact suggests that for some mothers their illegitimate pregnancy was the first pregnancy. While the scarcity of sources limits our knowledge about the social circumstances of illegitimate births, the analysis of given surnames of these mothers, combined with other sources, leads to a likely conclusion that illegitimate births could occur as a product of failed promises of marriage, sexual violence or adultery. The analysis of mothers’ geographical background showed that the majority of them belonged to parishes where they chose to baptize their illegitimate children. While there is a possibility that some of these women received help from the fathers or relatives, the author of this article argues that the research findings demonstrate the lack of social and economic support of mothers rather than community acceptance and tolerance towards these women. A minority of the mothers were from distant places and this data allowed the author to form a compelling conclusion that some women, due to the lack of support, were forced to seek better opportunities in other parishes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".