Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 2017 National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey highlighted several high priority objectives to be pursued during the next decadal timeframe, and the next-generation Cloud Convection Precipitation (CCP) observing system is thereby contemplated. In this study, we investigate the capability of two CCP candidates, i.e. a W-band cloud radar and a submillimeter-wave radiometer, in ice cloud remote sensing by developing hybrid Bayesian algorithms for the active-only, passive-only, and synergistic retrievals. The hybrid Bayesian algorithms combine the Bayesian MCI and optimization process to retrieve quantities and uncertainty estimates. The radar-only retrievals employ the optimal estimation methodology, while the radiometer-involved retrievals employ ensemble approaches to maximize the posterior probability density function. The a priori information is obtained from the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) in situ data and CloudSat radar observations. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the retrieval accuracies by comparing the retrieved parameters with known values. The experiment results suggest that the radiometer measurements possess high sensitivity for large ice cloud particles, even though the brightness temperature measurements do not contain direct information on the vertical distributions of ice cloud microphysics. The radar-only retrieval demonstrates skill in retrieving ice water content profiles, but not in retrieving number concentration profiles. The synergistic information is demonstrated to be helpful in improving retrieval accuracies, especially in terms of ice water path. The end-to-end simulation experiments also provide a framework that could be extended to the inclusion of other remote sensors to further assess the CCP observing system in future studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.033 | 0.020 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.055 | 0.049 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".