The increased iron deposition of the gray matter over the whole brain in chronic migraine: An exploratory quantitative susceptibility mapping study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Prior studies identified iron deposition in deep brain nuclei and the periaqueductal gray matter region in chronic migraine, and less is known about the cerebral iron deposition over the whole cerebral gray matter in CM. The aim of this case–control study is to investigate the cerebral iron deposition of gray matter in CM using an advanced quantitative susceptibility mapping. Methods A multi-echo gradient echo MR sequence was used to obtain raw quantitative susceptibility mapping data from 12 CM patients and 18 normal controls and the quantitative susceptibility mapping were reconstructed. Three dimensional T1 images were segmented and the gray matter mask was generated to extract the susceptibility value of gray matter over the whole brain. The independent t test and receiver operating characteristic curve Receiver operating characteristics was used to investigate the iron deposition changes in CM patients. Results CM presented a higher susceptibility value (1.44 × 10 −3 ppm) compared with NC group (0.47 × 10 −3 ppm) ( p < 0.0001) over the whole cerebral gray matter. There was no correlation between susceptibility value and the clinical variables including disease duration, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores ( p > 0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated the susceptibility had a high diagnostic efficacy (AUC 0.949, sensitivity 77.78% and specificity 100%) in distinguishing CM from NC. Conclusion CM patients had increased iron deposition in total cerebral gray matter which could be considered as a potential diagnostic and evaluated imaging biomarker in CM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".