Scripture, Satan, and the Sacrament: The Clifton Excommunication Case of 1874–1876
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In 1874 Flavel Cook, the evangelical vicar of Christ Church, Clifton, barred one of his parishioners, Henry Jenkins, from receiving holy communion after a dispute over the personality of Satan and the reality of eternal punishment. Jenkins sued Cook through the courts, and eventually won his case in 1876 on appeal to the judicial committee of the privy council, leading to Cook’s resignation. The controversy stimulated wide debate on church discipline, the rights of the laity, and whether Christians are obliged to obey the civil law. It also revealed deep disagreements over the relationship between reason, moral conscience, and biblical revelation, and the nature of ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ in a comprehensive Church of England.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.030 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".