Experimental Investigation of Mixture Design and Durability Performance of Alkali-Activated Rammed Earth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the utilization of alkali-activated granular blast furnace slag (GBFS) and fly ash (FA) for stabilizing rammed earth materials and assessing their mechanical and durability properties. Twenty mixtures were designed using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The clay content of the soil, NaOH molarity, and GBFS to the binder ratio were selected as independent variables. Density, water absorption, 28-day compressive strength, and compressive strength loss after 60 days of exposure to sulfuric acid were measured as responses. Also, the microstructure of the specimens and the effects of the sulfuric acid attack were investigated by SEM and XRD analysis. The results revealed that an increase in the clay content of the soil reduced the compressive strength of specimens. Also, higher content of FA than GBFS in binder led to more acid-resistant specimens for mixtures containing a low amount of kaolin clay. On the other hand, for specimens with a high amount of kaolin clay, a higher proportion of GBFS than FA in binder resulted in more acid-resistant specimens. In addition, an increase in NaOH molarity and GBFS content in the binder was accompanied by an improvement in compressive strength. SEM investigations showed more homogenous and compact reaction products for these mixtures. Finally, a numerical optimization method was implemented to obtain mixtures with the highest compressive strength and minimum compressive strength reduction after acid exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".