“Against All Invasion”: The Archival Story of Kipling, Copyright, and the Macmillan Expansion into Canada, 1900-1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Macmillan Company expanded into Canada in order to defend its imperial monopolies, particularly that on the works of Rudyard Kipling. The expansion was an offshoot of the growing New York house, but its fundamental intent was to bind the slippery Canadian market to the purposes of imperial copyright. George N. Morang had abruptly deprived Macmillan of this market with the first effective monopolies in the history of the Canadian book trade. He acquired these copyrights through licences that fulfilled the Canadian Copyright Amendment 1900. If authors, such as Kipling, increasingly retained proprietary control of their works, and if at the same time Canadian publishers such as Morang acquired the legal means to prohibit certain British editions from entering Canada, then a British publisher such as Macmillan suddenly stood to lose a great deal. This deprivation provoked a decisive reaction. Within a few years, the Macmillan Company of Canada was a chartered business based in Toronto, and it had clawed back control of Kipling’s works in Canada. The expansion helped prevent the growth of an independent Canadian publishing industry in the first decades of the twentieth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.060 | 0.041 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".