Optimization and Design of a Flexible Droop-Nose Leading-Edge Morphing Wing Based on a Novel Black Widow Optimization Algorithm—Part I
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
An aerodynamic optimization for a Droop-Nose Leading-Edge (DNLE) morphing of a well-known UAV, the UAS-S45, is proposed, using a novel Black Widow Optimization (BWO) algorithm. This approach integrates the optimization algorithm with a modified Class-Shape Transformation (CST) parameterization method to enhance aerodynamic performance by minimizing drag and maximizing aerodynamic endurance at the cruise flight condition. The CST parameterization technique is used to parameterize the reference airfoil by introducing local shape changes and provide skin flexibility to obtain various optimized morphing airfoil configurations. The optimization framework uses an in-house MATLAB algorithm, while the aerodynamic calculations use the XFoil solver with flow transition estimation criteria. These results are validated with a CFD solver utilizing the Transition (γ−Reθ) Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. Numerical studies verified the effectiveness of the optimization strategy, and the optimized airfoils have shown a significant improvement in overall aerodynamic performance by up to 12.18% drag reduction compared to the reference airfoil, and an increase in aerodynamic endurance of up to 10% for the UAS-S45 optimized airfoil configurations over its reference airfoil. These results indicate the importance of leading-edge morphing in enhancing the aerodynamic efficiency of the UAS-S45 airfoil.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it