Biowaste-derived electrode and electrolyte materials for flexible supercapacitors
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the key challenges in the development of energy storage devices relates to material sourcing in harmony with clean technologies. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) extracted from brewery residues are used as transparent hydrogel electrolyte after physical cross-linking with aluminum ions (Al3+). The hydrogel electrolyte (Al-CNC) exhibits an ultrahigh ionic conductivity (∼24.9 mS cm−1), high optical transmittance (∼92.9% at 550 nm wavelength), outstanding compression strength (3.9 MPa at a 70% strain), and tolerates to various deformations (e.g., twisting, folding, rolling). Meanwhile, animal bone biowaste is used to synthesize porous carbon (PC) electrodes (∼879 m2 g−1) that are effective in delivering an outstanding specific capacitance (∼804 F g−1 at 1 A g−1). A fully renewable flexible symmetric supercapacitor is assembled by sandwiching the Al-CNC hydrogel between two bone-derived PC electrodes (PC//Al-CNC//PC). The obtained flexible device displays a high energy density (18.2 Wh kg−1 at 1 425 W kg−1), exceptional power density (20 833 W kg−1 at 7.1 Wh kg−1), and ∼92% capacitance retention after 6 000 cycles at 5 A g−1. We further demonstrated the biowaste-derived high-performance flexible supercapacitors for their mechanical durability and reliable electrochemical performance under bending cycles. All combined, the devices are shown to be ideally suited for renewable energy storage applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it