A Triple Band Circularly Polarized Antenna for Leadless Cardiac Transcatheter Pacing System
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ground-breaking entry of leadless cardiac pacemakers in the cardiac pacemaker’s world has resulted in the design of ultracompact implantable antennas. In this article, we developed a circularly polarized fractal-shaped open-loop antenna for leadless cardiac transcatheter pacing (TCP) system operating at industrial, scientific, and medical bands (915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz). The proposed antenna was constructed on the high permittivity dielectric material Rogers RT/Duroid 6010 LM ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon _{r} = 10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) with a tiny footprint of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3\times0.254$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest footprint antenna that works in triple bands with circular polarization, compared with the other reported implantable antennas. We placed the antenna inside the TCP system to evaluate its performance in a realistic environment. Subsequently, it is placed deep inside at the center of the multilayer (skin–fat–muscle) phantom model with dielectric properties equivalent to the human heart. Furthermore, the antenna was integrated into a 3-D printed TCP capsule with dummy electronics for experimental verification, and its performance was checked in the ballistic gel phantom and minced pork. The measured impedance bandwidths of the antenna at 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 580 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1.2 GHz, respectively. Correspondingly, the measured axial ratio bandwidths in phantom are 255 MHz, 260 MHz, and 370 MHz, and measured gain values are −35.1 dBi, −31.6 dBi, and −26.7 dBi.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it