QuakeLabeler: A Fast Seismic Data Set Creation and Annotation Toolbox for AI Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The production and preparation of data sets are essential steps in machine learning (ML) applications. With the increasing volume and scale of available ML techniques in seismology, annotating seismograms or seismic features has become time consuming and tedious for many researchers. Furthermore, most methods train and validate on unique data subsets, which hampers independent performance evaluation and comparison. To address this problem, we have developed the software QuakeLabeler, an open-source Python package to customize, build, and manage earthquake training data sets, including processing and visualization. QuakeLabeler has tight pipeline functions, which include retrieving seismograms from multiple online data centers, querying online human-reviewed catalogs, signal processing, annotating (labeling), and analyzing data distribution. In addition, relevant statistical graphics and human-readable output files can be generated. Various file export formats are supported, such as Seismic Analysis Code (*.sac), mini Standard for Exchange of Earthquake Data (*.mseed), NumPy (*.npz), MATLAB (*.mat), and the Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (*.hdf5). This toolbox is packaged with an interactive command-line interface. Three alternative running modes (beginner, advanced, and benchmark) are implemented, intended to offer specific data set solutions for different types of applications, that is, quick-start recipes for simple ML solutions, advanced design for customized project training, and benchmark bulletins for model comparison.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".