Identification of Mitofusin 1 and Complement Component 1q Subcomponent Binding Protein as Mitochondrial Targets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Mitochondria are organelles that exhibit several bacterial features, such as a double-stranded genome with hypomethylated CpG islands, formylated proteins, and cardiolipin-containing membranes. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mitochondria and their inner components are released into the extracellular space, potentially eliciting a proinflammatory response from the immune system. While cardiolipin and mitochondrial DNA and RNA are confirmed targets of autoantibodies, other antigenic mitochondrial proteins in SLE remain to be identified. The present study was undertaken to characterize the protein repertoire recognized by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in patients with SLE. METHODS: Using shotgun proteomic profiling, we identified 1,345 proteins, 431 of which were associated with the mitochondrial proteome. Immunoreactivities to several of these candidate proteins were assessed in serum samples from a local cohort (n = 30 healthy donors and 87 patients with SLE) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and further analyzed for associations with demographic and disease characteristics. RESULTS: We determined that IgG antibodies to the complement component C1q binding protein were significantly elevated in the patients with SLE (P = 0.049) and were also associated with lupus anticoagulant positivity (P = 0.049). Elevated levels of IgG antibodies against mitochondrial protein mitofusin 1 (MFN-1) were promising predictors of SLE diagnosis in our cohort (adjusted odds ratio 2.99 [95% confidence interval 1.39-6.43], P = 0.0044). Moreover, increased levels of anti-MFN-1 were associated with the presence of antiphospholipids (P = 0.011) and anti-double-stranded DNA (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: In this study, we characterized the mitochondrial repertoire targeted by AMAs in the setting of SLE. Our results indicate that autoantibodies can recognize secreted and/or surface proteins of mitochondrial origin. Profiling of the AMA repertoire in large prospective cohorts may improve our knowledge of mitochondrial biomarkers and their usefulness for patient stratification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".