TAL: Topography-Aware Multi-Resolution Fusion Learning for Enhanced Building Footprint Extraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Automatic building footprint extraction from remote sensing imagery is a challenging task with important applications in geomatics and environmental science. Significant advances have been made in this field as a result of the emergence of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) designed for semantic segmentation. Although CNNs have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in coarse annotation and identification of buildings, the accuracy of extracted building footprints is still insufficient for high-precision applications such as mapping and navigation. We propose the topography-aware multi-resolution fusion learning strategy tailored to the problem of enhanced building footprint extraction. More specifically, we introduce a topography-aware loss (TAL) for enhancing a deep CNN’s ability to learn heterogeneous building features for better boundary preservation during segmentation. We then incorporate the proposed TAL loss within a multi-resolution fusion architecture to boost high-resolution segmentation performance. Finally, we introduce a novel metric named average thresholded contour accuracy (tCA) which specifically measures the accuracy of segmentation boundaries. The experimental results on the SpaceNet buildings dataset show significant improvements in boundary integrity of extracted building footprints when compared with previously proposed methods. Hence, this method enables accurate boundary annotation toward automatic production of building footprint maps for high-precision applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".