Liquefaction of sands subjected to principal stress rotation caused by generalized seismic loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental study that quantifies the influence of coupled compression and shear wave loading on liquefaction susceptibility of sands is presented. Such loading is typical in situ, and leads to complex principal stress rotation, which in turn impacts the potential for liquefaction in soils even if the cyclic loading intensity remains constant. The nature and degree of principal stress rotation caused by this coupled loading are significantly influenced by the initial consolidation stress state, and the cyclic shear (ΔS), cyclic normal (ΔN) stress increments, the ratio ΔS/ΔN, and the phase shift (δ) between the waves. Cyclic hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were carried out on Fraser River sand specimens isotropically consolidated to different effective mean normal stress [Formula: see text] and subjected to coupled cyclic loading with representative ΔS/ΔN. For a given cyclic stress ratio (CSR) and initial [Formula: see text], the liquefaction resistance decreases with increasing s-wave intensity relative to p-wave intensity, which are proxies to stress increments ΔS and ΔN, respectively. Liquefaction resistance decreases with an increase in ΔS/ΔN up to a limiting value of about 2 beyond which increasing ΔS/ΔN does not significantly influence the cyclic resistance. The finding that cyclic resistance ratio [Formula: see text] decreases with increasing ΔS/ΔN is consistent with the understanding that the cyclic resistance is lower under simple shear loading mode compared to triaxial shear. Tests results also demonstrate that the liquefaction resistance of sand decreases with increasing initial effective confining stress regardless of the nature of the cyclic shear. This indicates that the correction Kσ factor (ratio of cyclic resistance at [Formula: see text] to resistance at [Formula: see text] = 100 kPa) can be considered even under generalized coupled loading conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".