Fortification and Retention of Vitamin D₃ in Cheddar Cheese, Yogurt and Ice Cream
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Investigations were conducted into the fortification and retention of Vitamin D3 in cheddar cheese, yogurt and ice cream. Two different formulations of vitamin D3 were used to fortify these products: a water-dispersible emulsion of vitamin D3 (Vitex D) and crystalline vitamin D3 dissolved in ethanol. A newly-developed extraction method followed by reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography analysis was used to assess vitamin D3 retention in these products. Stability studies of vitamin D3 in cheddar cheese aged for three months, in yogurt aged for one month, and in ice cream aged for one month were made. There were no significant differences in the recovery of vitamin D3 between the two formulations of vitamin D3 used in any of the products (P>0.05). The recovery of vitamin D3 in cheese, whey, yogurt and ice cream immediately after processing was 87-90%, 7-9%, 97-99% and 99-100% respectively. However, retention of vitamin D3 in cheese, yogurt and ice cream over the storage periods was 93-100%, 100-102% and 98-99% respectively. In conclusion, cheese, yogurt and ice cream were good vehicles for vitamin D3 fortification, using either form.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".