The Arabic Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Bristol Activity of Daily Living Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are few Arabic language functional scales for patients with dementia. The Bristol Activity of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) was designed and validated for use in patients with dementia. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the BADLS to the Arabic language for people with neurocognitive decline and dementia. METHODS: The original BADLS scale was translated to the Arabic language followed by face validity assessment through a pilot testing in five Arabic countries. The Arabic BADLS was assessed in a sample of 139 participants and their caregivers for concurrent and convergent validity. RESULTS: The Arabic BADLS had excellent internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96). Likewise, the Arabic BADLS had strong convergent validity with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r = -0.82, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Arabic BADLS is a valid scale that can used to assess the functional performance of people living with dementia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".