Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In humans, there are several genetic disorders of metal metabolism. Wilson and Menkes diseases are genetic disorders of copper transport. The genes from these two diseases encode copper‐transporting ATPases. Mutations in Wilson disease gene cause toxic accumulation of copper in the cells whereas mutations in Menkes disease gene cause copper deficiency and lack of its incorporation in important copper enzymes. Wilson disease is treated by chelating agents such as D ‐penicillamine and trientine and zinc, which inhibits absorption of copper from the intestine. Current treatment for Menkes disease is subcutaneous injection of copper‐histidine. Hereditary hemochromatosis, thalassemia, and aceruloplasminemia are major disorders of iron metabolism. The gene responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis encodes a protein, which is very similar to major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6, that has been proposed to down‐regulate iron absorption. The disease is treated by weekly venesection of approximately 0.5 L of blood. Thalassemia causes severe iron accumulation as a result of disturbances in the synthesis of one or more of the globin chains of hemoglobin. The chelating agent used for the treatment is deferoxamine administered subcutaneously. The search for an orally administered iron chelator has been intensified in recent years leading to chemical trials of chelator such as deferiprone (L1). Aceruloplasminemia is caused by mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene resulting in iron accumulation in various tissues. Deferoxamine has been used to treat this disease. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a genetic disorder of zinc metabolism. Mutations in the gene responsible for zinc transport result in insufficient absorption of zinc in this disease, which can be ameliorated by zinc supplementation. Several less common genetic disorders of metal metabolism are discussed briefly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".