Reversible Redox Chemistry in Pyrrolidinium‐Based TEMPO Radical and Extended Viologen for High‐Voltage and Long‐Life Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are regarded as a promising candidate for grid‐scale, low‐cost and sustainable energy storage. However, their performance is restricted by low aqueous solubility and the narrow potential gap of the organic redox‐active species. Herein, a highly‐soluble organic redox pair based on pyrrolidinium cation functionalized TEMPO and extended viologen, namely Pyr‐TEMPO and [PyrPV]Cl 4 , which exhibits high cell voltage (1.57 V) and long cycling life (over 1000 cycles) in AORFBs is reported. The intrinsic hydrophilic nature of the pyrrolidinium group enables high aqueous solubilities (over 3.35 m for Pyr‐TEMPO and 1.13 m for [PyrPV]Cl 4 ). Furthermore, the interaction of nitroxyl radicals with water is observed, which may be helpful to prevent collision‐induced side reactions or structure decomposition. Notably, the assembled AORFBs realize a high energy density of 16.8 Wh L ‐1 and a peak power density of 317 mW cm ‐2 . The evidence is provided to clarify the capacity degradation mechanism of TEMPO/viologen AORFB systems by a series of comprehensive characterizations. Furthermore, the reversible consumption and re‐generation of the nitroxyl radicals upon charging and discharging are well understood. This work presents effective electrochemical and spectroscopic approaches to clarify the redox chemistry and capacity degradation mechanism of radical incorporating AORFB systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it