Holocene variability in sea‐ice conditions in the eastern Baffin Bay‐Labrador Sea – A north–south biomarker transect study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reconstructions of sea‐surface conditions during the Holocene were achieved using three sediment cores from northeastern Baffin Bay (GeoB19948‐3 and GeoB19927‐3) and the Labrador Sea (GeoB19905‐1) along a north–south transect based on sea‐ice IP 25 and open‐water phytoplankton biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol and HBI III). In Baffin Bay, sea‐surface conditions in the Early Holocene were characterized by extended (early) spring sea ice cover (SIC) prior to 7.6 ka BP. The conditions in the NE Labrador Sea, however, remained predominantly ice‐free in spring/autumn due to the enhanced influx of Atlantic Water (West Greenland Current, WGC) from 11.5 until ~9.1 ka BP, succeeded by a period of continued (spring–autumn) ice‐free conditions between 9.1 and 7.6 ka BP corresponding to the onset of Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM)‐like conditions. A transition towards reoccurring ice‐edge and significantly reduced SIC conditions in Baffin Bay is evident in the Middle Holocene (~7.6–3 ka BP) probably caused by the variations in the WGC influence associated with the ice melting and can be characterized as HTM‐like conditions. These HTM‐like conditions are predominantly recorded in the NE Labrador Sea area shown by (spring–autumn) ice‐free conditions from 5.9–3 ka BP. In the Late Holocene (last ~3 ka), our combined proxy records from eastern Baffin Bay indicate low in‐situ ice algae production; however, enhanced multi‐year (drifted) sea ice in this area was possibly attributed to the increased influx of Polar Water mass influx and may correlate with the Neoglacial cooling. The conditions in the NE Labrador Sea during the last 3 ka, however, continued to remain (spring–autumn) ice‐free. Our data from the Baffin Bay–Labrador Sea transect suggest a dominant influence of meltwater influx on sea‐ice formation throughout the Holocene, in contrast to sea‐ice records from the Fram Strait area, which seem to follow predominantly the summer insolation trend.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".