Bibliographic record
Abstract
For simplicity, calculations in seismic wave theory often assume that the Earth is perfectly elastic. But the real Earth is anelastic, meaning that wave energy is absorbed by internal friction effects. This chapter gives an introductory account of the mathematical theory of seismic wave propagation in anelastic media. The important concepts of the quality factor (Q), the loss factor (1/Q) ,and the complex modulus are introduced. The necessity for including dispersion in computations of the shapes of waveforms in anelastic media is demonstrated. Spring-dashpot models for describing anelastic media, and the more general linear theory of viscoelasticity, are introduced. The nature of Q in the Earth is discussed. The 1D and 3D equations of motion in anelastic media, and their plane wave solutions, are derived. The concept of general plane waves (including homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves) is introduced. Reflection and transmission of plane waves, as well as particle motion, in anelastic media are briefly discussed. The theory of exactly constant Q is briefly covered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".