Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic biology, ecology, phylogenetic characterization, virulence factors, pathogenicity, and epidemiology of the emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen, Cronobacter Species. The Cronobacter Species is categorized in the family Enterobacteriaceae and like most species in this family is considered an opportunistic pathogen. Nevertheless, advances have been made in the molecular characterization of Cronobacter species using amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), ribotyping, and plasmid typing. The chapter explains susceptibility to physical and chemical treatments that include temperature, water activity, biological inactivation, chemical inactivation and competitive exclusion/probiotics. Cronobacter has been recovered from clinical specimens such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, sputum, throat, nose, stool, gut, skin, wounds, bone marrow, eye, ear, stomach aspirates, anal swabs, and the breast abscess of infected patients. Cronobacter has been mainly associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), septicemia, and meningitis. Neurological sequelae are commonly reported and include brain abscess and infarction, ventricle compartmentalization due to necrosis of brain tissue and liquefaction of white cerebral matter, and cranial cystic changes, as well as hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic intercerebral infarctions leading to cystic encephalomalacia. Nazarowec-White and Farber tested the antibiotic resistance of seventeen strains of Cronobacter and found four antibiotic susceptibility patterns (antibiograms). Cronobacter species has become a growing concern for government regulatory agencies, health care providers (especially those in neonatal intensive care units), and powdered infant formula (PIF) manufacturers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".