On the Modeling of Gas and Liquid Leaks Through Packed Glands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The prediction of gas and liquid leak rates through packed glands is overlooked and the very few studies available in the literature focus on the packing axial stress distribution. For better prediction of leakage, the change of porosity with length due to this nonuniform axial stress must be accounted for. Our previous theoretical model on leakage predictions are based on uniform capillaries. In this paper, a new model that accounts for the change of the capillary diameter with the axial stress for gaseous leak and a straight capillary model for liquid leaks are developed. The first slip flow condition is used to predict gas and liquid flow considering straight capillary model and a nonuniform capillary model the area of which dependents on the axial stress in the packing rings. An approach that uses an analytical-computational methodology based on the number and the size of pores obtained experimentally is adopted to predict gas and liquid leak rates in both the uniform and nonuniform compressed packed gland models. The Navier–Stokes equations associated with slip boundary condition at the wall are used to predict leakage. Experimental tests with helium, argon, nitrogen, and air for gazes and water and kerosene for liquids are used to validate the models. The porosity parameters characterization is conducted experimentally with a reference gas, namely, helium at different gland stresses and pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".