Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ciliophora is the name for a phylum of protists commonly called the ciliates. Ciliates are the most complex of cells, having an elaborate cytoskeleton, cilia and two different kinds of nuclei. Free‐living ciliates can be found in almost any habitat that has water – in soils, hot springs and Antarctic sea ice. Symbiotic species live as commensals in sea urchins or as parasites of lobsters and fish. Ciliate life histories can have specialised forms for dispersal and for resisting desiccation. Their cell cortex is supported by a complex framework of basal bodies or kinetosomes, microtubules and microfilaments. The kinetosomes form the central unit in an organellar structure called the kinetid, which is important to understanding phylogenetic relationships among ciliates. The pattern of fibres and microtubules in the kinetid identifies a ciliate to a major clade, along with the sequences of genes. These two features together identify 12 major clades or classes of ciliates. Key Concepts: Ciliates are characterised by three main features: they exhibit nuclear dimorphism; undergo conjugation as a sexual process; and typically have cilia at some stage in their life cycle. Ciliates are the ‘top’ predators in microbial food webs, and were likely the major predatory group before the evolution of animals. Parasitic ciliates can cause morbidity and death of animals, and are becoming particularly important in aquaculture operations. Ciliates can have complex life cycles, including macrostome or cannibalistic stages, swarmers or dispersal stages and cyst or desiccation‐resistant stages. The kinetid, an organellar complex in the cell cortex, is composed of at least one kinetosome and its cilium associated with two microtubular ribbons and a striated kinetodesmal fibril, whose patterned arrangement identifies a ciliate to a particular major clade or class. Ciliate macronuclei divide in two ways, which suggest that macronuclear division evolved independently twice in the phylum: heterotrich ciliates divide their macronucleus principally using extramacronuclear microtubules while intramacronucleate ciliates divide their macronucleus with intramacronuclear microtubules. Ciliates are divided into two major clades or subphyla and 12 classes based on features of the kinetid and sequences of genes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".