Frailty Predicts Postoperative Complications following Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Frailty is a clinically recognizable state of decreased reserve and function across physiologic systems, characterized by an inability to cope with acute stressors. A validated modified frailty index (mFI) was used to evaluate the impact of frailty on postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: Data from consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2011 to 2020 were collected retrospectively at a high-volume tertiary care hepatopancreatobiliary hospital. Based on an 11-item mFI, patients were grouped by high (≥0.27) and low mFI. The main outcome was postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification). The impact of frailty on complications was analyzed by evaluating baseline and operative characteristics using multivariable logistic regression. Secondary outcomes included postoperative mortality, length of hospital stay, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, which were analyzed using univariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 64/554 patients (12%) with high mFI. Low and high mFI had similar characteristics, including proportion of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (low mFI = 247/490 [50%] vs. high mFI = 31/64 [48%], p = 0.767), intermediate or hard pancreatic texture (low mFI = 75/191 [39%] vs. high mFI = 6/19 [32%], p = 0.512), operative room time (low mFI = 370 min vs. high mFI = 368 min, p = 0.630), and drain placement (low mFI = 355/490 [72%] vs. high mFI = 48/64 [75%], p = 0.642). The mFI score was an independent predictor for the development of any type of postoperative complications (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.02-2.10) and major postoperative complications (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05-1.98) by multivariable analysis. High mFI patients had a higher 90-day mortality rate (high mFI = 7/64 [11%] vs. low mFI = 20/490 [4.1%], p = 0.017), a longer median length of hospital stay (high mFI = 11 days vs. low mFI = 8 days, p = 0.016), and a higher rate of ICU admission (high mFI = 47/64 [73%] vs. low mFI = 211/490 [43%], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients who are considered surgical candidates, the mFI can identify those at high risk of developing postoperative complications. This tool can be used to accurately discuss postoperative risk with patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".