Isolation of lipopeptide antibiotics from <i>Bacillus siamensis</i>: a potential biocontrol agent for <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive fungal disease that can cause damage to various crops and reduce yield and quality, is primarily caused by several species of the soil-borne fungal genus Fusarium, which produce mycotoxins that contaminate grains and may cause various severe chronic diseases in humans and livestock. In recent years, Bacillus spp. have been reported to be good producers of antifungal antibiotics against FHB. This study aimed to explore the potential role of a newly identified Bacillus strain, designated as CU-XJ-9, against FHB. This strain, which was isolated from traditional Chinese fermented food, was identified as Bacillus siamensis and confirmed to produce lipopeptide biosurfactants, which according to the analysis by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) may belong to the iturin lipopeptide family. At 100 μg/mL, the isolated antifungal compounds completely inhibited conidial germination. Observation of the effects of the isolated antifungal compounds on the mycelia of F. graminearum by scanning electron microscopy revealed obvious nodes in the middle of the mycelia and destroyed mycelial structures, and these changes became more pronounced with increasing dose. Overall, this study provides important information regarding the ability of Bacillus siamensis to produce lipopeptide biosurfactants, which showed significant antagonistic activity against F. graminearum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".