ClassHyPer: ClassMix-Based Hybrid Perturbations for Deep Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inspired by the tremendous success of deep learning (DL) and the increased availability of remote sensing data, DL-based image semantic segmentation has attracted growing interest in the remote sensing community. The ideal scenario of DL application requires a vast number of annotation data with the same feature distribution as the area of interest. However, obtaining such enormous training sets that suit the data distribution of the target area is highly time-consuming and costly. Consistency-regularization-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods have gained growing popularity thanks to their ease of implementation and remarkable performance. However, there have been limited applications of SSL in remote sensing. This study comprehensively analyzed several advanced SSL methods based on consistency regularization from the perspective of data- and model-level perturbation. Then, an end-to-end SSL approach based on a hybrid perturbation paradigm was introduced to improve the DL model’s performance with a limited number of labels. The proposed method integrates the semantic boundary information to generate more meaningful mixing images when performing data-level perturbation. Additionally, by using implicit pseudo-supervision based on model-level perturbation, it eliminates the need to set extra threshold parameters in training. Furthermore, it can be flexibly paired with the DL model in an end-to-end manner, as opposed to the separated training stages used in the traditional pseudo-labeling. Experimental results for five remote sensing benchmark datasets in the application of segmentation of roads, buildings, and land cover demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. It is particularly encouraging that the ratio of accuracy obtained using the proposed method with 5% labels to that using the purely supervised method with 100% labels was more than 89% on all benchmark datasets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".