Bibliographic record
Abstract
A unit-picker is a map [Formula: see text] that associates to every ring [Formula: see text] a well-defined set [Formula: see text] of central units in [Formula: see text] which contains [Formula: see text], is invariant under isomorphisms of rings, is closed under taking inverses, and which satisfies certain set containment conditions for quotient rings, corner rings and matrix rings. Let [Formula: see text] be a unit-picker. A ring [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text]. An extensive study of these rings is conducted, and their connections with strongly nil [Formula: see text]-clean rings and semi [Formula: see text]-Boolean rings are investigated. When [Formula: see text] is specified, known results of [Formula: see text]-rings, [Formula: see text]-rings and [Formula: see text]-rings are obtained and new results are proved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".