Neither nature nor nurture: Using extended pedigree data to understand indirect genetic effects on offspring educational outcomes
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Families transmit genes and environments across generations. When parents’ genetics affect their children’s environments, these two modes of inheritance can become linked in an “indirect genetic effect.” Such indirect genetic effects may, through bias, account for up to half of the estimated genetic variance in educational attainment. We tested if indirect genetic effects on educational attainment reflect within-nuclear-family transmission (“genetic nurture”) or instead a multi-generational process of social stratification (“dynastic effects”). We analyzed indirect genetic effects on children’s academic achievement in their 5th-9th years of schooling in N=37,117 parent-offspring trios in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We used analysis of pairs of genetically-related families (parents were siblings, children were cousins; N=10,913) to distinguish within-nuclear-family genetic-nurture effects from dynastic effects shared by cousins in different nuclear families. We found that indirect genetic effects on children’s educational achievement were explained primarily by dynastic effects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it