Research Note: The Code of Regulations for the First U.S. Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Virginia, 1838
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thomas Williamson du Maryland, chirurgien de la marine des États-Unis, a écrit le premier code de conduite complet pour la premier hôpital construit expressément pour la marine à Norfolk, en Virginie.Williamson, un réformateur de la marine, était le fonctionnaire avec le plus d'influence sur l'hôpital au cours du premier quart de siècle de l'existence de ce dernier.Son code révèle ses attitudes à l'égard des marins, l'hygiène médicale, et la lutte pour la reconnaissance par le corps médical dans la marine d'avant guerre.The Naval Hospital at Norfolk, Virginia, was the first permanent naval hospital in the United States.The long delays in establishing dedicated facilities to supersede the general-purpose marine hospitals and the temporary facilities in the U.S. naval yards are well known. 1 Early centralized planning immediately prior to the War of 1812 designed to erect a series of purpose-built hospitals at the principal ports of the nation was stillborn.The result was decades of reliance upon facilities deemed to be inadequate.The hospital at the Gosport Navy Yard in 1815 was described by its surgeon as wholly unsuitable, being merely the second floor of a rotting frame building, sixty feet by thirtysix feet.It was sandwiched between the gunner's store room on the first floor, and the boatswain's department on the third.The noise level was appalling for the sick, and the space was impossible to heat in winter. 2 In 1821 the Commissioners for the Navy Hospital Fund finally began to purchase sites for naval hospitals, first at Washington, D.C., and subsequently at Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and, in 1827, at Norfolk. 3 On 2 April 1827 the cornerstone was laid for a Norfolk hospital capable of accommodating between three and five hundred patients.The institution opened in August 1830 in an unfinished state due to the depletion of the Hospital Fund; construction was resumed in late 1831 and continued over succeeding years.4 The Philadelphia Naval Asylum opened 1 H.A. Brings, "Naval Medicine Comes Ashore: Establishing the First Permanent U.S. Naval Hospitals,"
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.083 | 0.031 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".