Bayesian and parsimony phylogeny of Augochlora bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) based on morphology: insights for their biogeography and natural history
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AugochloraSmith, with 127 valid species, is the most widespread genus of Augochlorini bees, ranging from Argentina to southern Canada, including the Caribbean islands. The genus is divided into three subgenera,Augochloras. str.,OxystoglossellaEickwort, and the fossilElectraugochloraEngel. The extant subgenera were traditionally diagnosed by their nesting substrate, social behavior and morphology. However, accumulating evidence suggests that these features are not reliable for their separation, especially with the discovery of an enigmatic species sharing characteristics from both subgenera. Our objective is to provide a phylogenetic hypothesis to evaluate the monophyly of the extant subgenera and to place a new species, Augochlora (Augochlora) intermedia sp. nov. For this purpose, we compiled 110 unordered characters for 40 species ofAugochloraplus seven outgroup species and analyzed under parsimony and Bayesian inference. Topologies were very similar under both frameworks, allowing us to consistently characterize a few major lineages. Our results demonstrate that the extant subgenera correspond to monophyletic groups and the new species is sister group to remainingAugochloras. str. species. Both subgenera are widespread in the Western Hemisphere, with species groups differing in range and distributional patterns. Our interpretation is thatAugochloraarose in South America, subsequently colonizing Mesoamerica, the Caribbean and North America several times. Facultative social behavior can be found in both subgenera and in most lineages, indicating that the exclusive solitary behavior found inAugochlora purais an exception. Based on morphological clues we interpret that the habit of nesting out of the soil arose once inAugochloras. str.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".