Bayesian and parsimony phylogeny of Augochlora bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) based on morphology: insights for their biogeography and natural history
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Augochlora Smith, with 127 valid species, is the most widespread genus of Augochlorini bees, ranging from Argentina to southern Canada, including the Caribbean islands. The genus is divided into three subgenera, Augochlora s. str., Oxystoglossella Eickwort, and the fossil Electraugochlora Engel. The extant subgenera were traditionally diagnosed by their nesting substrate, social behavior and morphology. However, accumulating evidence suggests that these features are not reliable for their separation, especially with the discovery of an enigmatic species sharing characteristics from both subgenera. Our objective is to provide a phylogenetic hypothesis to evaluate the monophyly of the extant subgenera and to place a new species, Augochlora (Augochlora) intermedia sp. nov. For this purpose, we compiled 110 unordered characters for 40 species of Augochlora plus seven outgroup species and analyzed under parsimony and Bayesian inference. Topologies were very similar under both frameworks, allowing us to consistently characterize a few major lineages. Our results demonstrate that the extant subgenera correspond to monophyletic groups and the new species is sister group to remaining Augochlora s. str. species. Both subgenera are widespread in the Western Hemisphere, with species groups differing in range and distributional patterns. Our interpretation is that Augochlora arose in South America, subsequently colonizing Mesoamerica, the Caribbean and North America several times. Facultative social behavior can be found in both subgenera and in most lineages, indicating that the exclusive solitary behavior found in Augochlora pura is an exception. Based on morphological clues we interpret that the habit of nesting out of the soil arose once in Augochlora s. str.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it