Effects of Supplemental Leucine on Growth, Nutrient Use, and Muscle and Visceral Tissue Mass in Holstein Bull Calves Fed Milk Replacer
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the effects of leucine supplementation on body weight (BW), tissue mass, nutrient digestibility, the concentration of serum amino acids (AAs) and metabolites, and protein abundance of elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in skeletal muscle, 23 Holstein bull calves (43. 3 ± 1.16 kg; 11.3 ± 0.57 days of age) fed milk replacer at 2.5% of body weight (BW; dry matter basis) were used in a randomized complete block design. Leucine was supplemented at 0, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 g Leu/kg BW per day for 28 d. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Leucine supplementation did not affect calf BW ( P = 0.73), and digestibility of nitrogen ( P = 0.21), organic matter ( P = 0.28), and dry matter ( P = 0.28). Masses proportional to BW of the pancreas ( P = 0.04), omasum ( P < 0.01), and spleen ( P = 0.01) were quadratically affected by treatment where tissue mass decreased at 0.4 g Leu/kg BW and increased at 0.6 and 0.8 g Leu/kg BW. Semitendinosus mass proportional to BW tended ( P = 0.07) to be quadratically affected, as tissue mass increased at 0.4 g Leu/kg BW, and decreased at 0.6 and 0.8 g Leu/kg BW. Serum Leu concentration increased linearly ( P = 0.002; day × time × treatment) across days and after feedings with increased supplemental Leu. Increasing supplemental Leu linearly decreased serum Ala ( P < 0.01), Arg ( P = 0.04), Ile ( P = 0.02), Met ( P < 0.01), and Pro ( P = 0.05) concentrations, and quadratically affected serum Glu ( P = 0.04) and Lys ( P = 0.03) concentrations where serum Glu and Lys concentrations were decreased at 0.4 g Leu/kg BW and increased at 0.6 and 0.8 g Leu/kg BW. There was no effect of treatment on protein abundance of eIF4E in semitendinosus or longissimus dorsi. These data indicate that supplemental Leu did not influence ADG and nitrogen retention in calves fed milk replacer. However, changes in serum AA concentrations and tissue masses proportional to BW suggest that supplementation of Leu at lower levels could increase the use of AA for non-visceral tissue growth.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it