SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF WATER AND CO-SOLVENTS ON THE HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS TO PRODUCE HEAVY OIL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction was performed on Alberta, Canada's agricultural biomass, corn stover and wheat straw, at an operating temperature of 300°C, initial reactor pressure of 600 psi and zero min retention time. Effects of adding co-solvents (methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) on yield and quality of heavy oil has been studied. 2-propanol exhibited to be a promising co-solvent that has improved the quality of heavy oil. Hydrothermal liquefaction of corn stover using a water−2-propanol mixture produced heavy oil having oxygen content of 18.8 wt.%, higher heating value of 32.17 MJ/kg, and total acid number value of 81.74 mg KOH/g oil. Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw using water−2-propanol mixture produced heavy oil showing an oxygen content of 17.99 wt.% and higher heating value of 32.94 MJ/kg.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".