Influence of voltage and gap distance on the dynamics of the ionization front, plasma dots, produced by nanosecond pulsed discharges at water surface
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A streamer discharge is a highly reactive and dynamic non-thermal plasma. It has been used in many applications, including environmental remediation, medicine, and material processing. Although the physics of streamer discharges in gaseous media is well understood, its interaction with a solid and liquid dielectric surfaces remains under investigation, in particular when quantitative data are searched for. In this study, we investigate the influence of voltage amplitude ( V a ) and interelectrode air gap distance ( d ) on the pulsed discharge behavior at the surface of distilled water. Time resolved images show the formation and propagation of plasma dots (ionization front of streamers) at water surface. Because of its stochastical nature, a large number of discharge was performed to address the influence of V a and d on the number of plasma dots ( N Dots ) as well on the charge per dot ( Q Dot ). As expected, for a given V a , the breakdown voltage is found to increase with d . Moreover, N Dots decreases linearly with d at the rate of ∼1 dot by 200 μ m of increase, while the total injected charge decays linearly with a rate of ∼8–9 nC by 200 μ m of increase. Based on the measurement of the propagation velocity of the plasma dots and on the estimation of the electric field in the medium, an average mobility of plasma dots of ∼1.5 cm 2 Vs −1 is evaluated. From both this value and the instantaneous measured propagation velocity, the temporal evolution of Q Dot and charge number are determined. The observations reported here are of interest for fundamental studies as well as for applications where well-controlled charge transfer to surfaces is crucial.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it