Patterns of white and gray structural abnormality associated with paediatric demyelinating disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) - associated disorders (MOGAD) on brain structure in youth remains poorly understood. Reductions in cortical mantle thickness on structural MRI and abnormal diffusion-based white matter metrics (e.g., diffusion tensor parameters) have been well documented in MS but not in MOGAD. Characterizing structural abnormalities found in children with these disorders can help clarify the differences and similarities in their impact on neuroanatomy. Importantly, while MS and MOGAD affect the entire CNS, the visual pathway is of particular interest in both groups, as most patients have evidence for clinical or subclinical involvement of the anterior visual pathway. Thus, the visual pathway is of key interest in analyses of structural abnormalities in these disorders and may distinguish MOGAD from MS patients. In this study we collected MRI data on 18 MS patients, 14 MOGAD patients and 26 age- and sex-matched typically developing children (TDC). Full-brain group differences in fixel diffusion measures (fibre-bundle populations) and cortical thickness measures were tested using age and sex as covariates. Visual pathway analysis was performed by extracting mean diffusion measures within lesion free optic radiations, cortical thickness within the visual cortex, and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer thickness measures from optical coherence tomography (OCT). Fixel based analysis (FBA) revealed MS patients have widespread abnormal white matter within the corticospinal tract, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and optic radiations, while within MOGAD patients, non-lesional impact on white matter was found primarily in the right optic radiation. Cortical thickness measures were reduced predominately in the temporal and parietal lobes in MS patients and in frontal, cingulate and visual cortices in MOGAD patients. Additionally, our findings of associations between reduced RNFLT and axonal density in MOGAD and TORT in MS patients in the optic radiations imply widespread axonal and myelin damage in the visual pathway, respectively. Overall, our approach of combining FBA, cortical thickness and OCT measures has helped evaluate similarities and differences in brain structure in MS and MOGAD patients in comparison to TDC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".