Marijuana and cannabinoid use in clinical oral and maxillofacial surgery: a scoping review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Despite increased use of recreational and medical marijuana over the past decade, little is known about its effect on oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). The goal of this study was to map the current state of marijuana and cannabinoid research within OMFS and review the findings. The investigators hypothesized that the number of studies evaluating the use and effects of marijuana and cannabinoids in OMFS would be limited. Methods: The investigators implemented a scoping review study design. Studies were identified and collated by a team of 2 researchers who then independently evaluated each study for eligibility. The final cohort of studies were composed of interventional studies written in English available through ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Web of Science from inception to 11/01/2021 pertaining to the use of marijuana or cannabinoids within the clinical setting of OMFS. Studies were included that assessed the effects of marijuana on patients undergoing oral surgical procedures and/or conscious sedation. Studies were excluded if they lacked an intervention group, were conducted with animal models, or involved procedures not performed by oral surgeons (e.g., dental fillings). The primary outcome was the number of studies, and secondary outcomes included study topics and study conclusions. Results: A total of 11 studies were identified with sample sizes ranged from 10 to 151 patients. Four studies were observational and 7 studies were prospective, including 4 clinical trials. Topics addressed by these studies included the effects of marijuana and cannabinoids on acute post-extraction pain, temporomandibular joint pain and myofascial pain, extraction socket wound healing, intravenous sedation anesthetic requirements, and intravenous sedation physiologic responses including the cardiovascular response. Two of these studies found that cannabinoids may improve pain, two studies failed to demonstrate improved pain control with cannabinoids, 3 studies reported that cannabinoids had adverse effects on vital signs, 1 study reported increased anesthetic requirements for cannabinoid users, 1 study reported no difference in post-operative healing after dental extractions for cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid users, and 1 study is ongoing. Conclusions: The effect of marijuana and cannabinoids on the OMFS should be considered. However, there is a paucity of literature available. This study was designed to identify knowledge gaps for guiding future research efforts. The lack of clinically-based interventional studies for post-procedural pain control and anesthetic requirements for cannabinoid users indicates an opportunity for growing the field of OMFS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".