Effects of tetraethylammonium‐sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channel blockade on cholinergic and thermal sweating in endurance‐trained and untrained men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does inhibition of K + channels modulate the exercise‐training‐induced augmentation in cholinergic and thermal sweating? What is the main finding and its importance? Iontophoretic administration of tetraethylammonium, a K + channel blocker, blunted sweating induced by a low dose (0.001%) of the cholinergic agent pilocarpine, but not heat‐induced sweating. However, no differences in the cholinergic sweating were observed between young endurance‐trained and untrained men. Thus, while K + channels play a role in the regulation of eccrine sweating, they do not contribute to the increase in sweating commonly observed in endurance‐trained adults. Our findings provide important new insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of sweating by endurance conditioning. Abstract We evaluated the hypothesis that the activation of K + channels mediates the exercise‐training‐induced augmentation of cholinergic and thermal sweating. On separate days, 11 endurance‐trained and 10 untrained men participated in two experimental protocols. Prior to each protocol, we administered 2% tetraethylammonium (TEA, K + channels blocker) and saline (Control) at forearm skin sites on both arms via transdermal iontophoresis. In protocol 1, low (0.001%) and high (1%) doses of pilocarpine were administered at the TEA‐treated and Control sites over a 60‐min period. In protocol 2, participants were passively heated by immersing their lower limbs in hot water (43°C) until core (rectal) temperature ( T c ) increased by 0.8°C above resting levels. Administration of TEA attenuated cholinergic sweating ( P = 0.001) during the initial 20 min after the treatment of low dose of pilocarpine only whilst the response was similar between the groups ( P = 0.163). Cholinergic and thermal sweating were higher in the trained relative to the untrained men (all P ≤ 0.033). Thermal sweating reached ∼90% of the response at a T c elevation of 0.8°C during the initial 20 min of passive heating, which corresponds to the period wherein TEA attenuated cholinergic sweating in protocol 1. However, sweating did not differ between the Control and TEA sites in either group ( P = 0.704). We showed that activation of K + channels does not appear to mediate the elevated sweating response induced by a low dose of pilocarpine in trained men. We also demonstrated that K + channels do not contribute to sweating during heat stress in either group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".