Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Liquid fluidization of mixtures of solid particles of spherical and cylindrical shape has been numerically simulated. The simulations explicitly resolve the solid–liquid interfaces by means of an immersed boundary method implemented in a lattice‐Boltzmann flow solver. A soft collision algorithm deals with particle–particle contacts and close‐range hydrodynamic interaction. The systems studied have an overall solids volume fraction of 0.40, with 5%–35% of the overall solids volume contained in the cylinders. One focus of the study is on the effect of the length over diameter aspect ratio (that has been varied between 4–10) of the cylinders on the co‐fluidization behaviour. The average slip velocity of the cylinders only weakly depends on the fraction of the cylinder volume in the solid particle mixture. The cylinders do stir the system, with velocity fluctuation levels increasing if the number of cylinders relative to the number of spheres is increased. When co‐fluidized, the taller cylinders preferentially orient vertically, as they also do in cylinder‐only fluidization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".