Electrochromic photonic devices for nanoplasmonic transmission modulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most recently, electrochromic (EC) oxides, such as WO3, have transcended far beyond their traditional scope of transmission modulation in smart windows. The ionically facilitated EC effect, leads to an extraordinary increase in excess charge carriers in the host oxide, effectively doping WO3 up to 1022 cm-3 electrons. With the protonation doping, the dielectric properties of the given oxide can be altered dynamically and locally. Hence, WO3 changes its refractive index from n = 1.9 to 2.3, and its extinction by Δ𝑘 = 0.5 in the near infrared (NIR). Here, we introduce a plasmonic, EC (‘plasmochromic’) nanowaveguide modulator, for ultrahigh modulation depth. WO3 is integrated into a plasmonic metalinsulator- metal (MIM) waveguide structure with a dual-function waveguide core containing amorphous LiNbO3 (LN). In this novel architecture, LN provides sufficient ionic conduction for EC switching, while simultaneously supporting optical mode propagation. By decoupling the ionic pathway and the direction of plasmon propagation, the EC waveguide achieves unprecedented modulation speed and depth when compared to traditional EC devices. FDTD simulations predict a maximum modulation depth of 80 dB for 20 μm waveguide length, while measured values show up to 2.5 dB/μm modulation with switching times of a few seconds. The waveguide platform further provides great retention (> 20 h) of the switching state, while allowing very low operating voltages with a figure of merit of 8 dB/V. We envision EC oxide to provide pathways to dynamic photonic devices under low voltage settings, where high modulation is necessary.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".