Oil in glacial till as drivers of ice streaming and surging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The driving mechanisms of glacier fast flow and the cyclical instability inherent in ice streams and surging glaciers are not fully understood, with current theories of sliding and basal deformation being insufficient in explaining glacier dynamics. Previous work on soil water repellency and interfacial physics shows that the incorporation of a lubricating oil into a sediment enhances the water repellent and water shedding properties. This can form a Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface (SLIPS), whereby a liquid-liquid interface is created when the sediment is exposed to water resulting in extreme water shedding. In Alberta, Canada, oil sands material has been detected in surficial sediment and in glacial sediments south of the Alberta Oil Sands deposits. It has been hypothesised that this material was eroded and transported subglacially during the Laurentide Glaciation. Here, sediments from the Central Alberta Ice Stream flow track in the former Laurentide Ice Sheet were analysed and compared to samples of the Alberta Oil Sands from mines and natural exposures using oil-oil correlation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show evidence of Alberta Oil Sands throughout the Central Alberta Ice Stream flow track, in particular at the terminating margins to the east of Calgary and in the Cooking Lake area to the southeast of Edmonton. These results indicate glacial erosion and long-distance mobilisation of oil sands deposits from Northern Alberta. Three scenarios of SLIPS at the ice-bed interface caused by the presence of a lubricating oil at the bed can be assumed from these results; (i) an oil-wet macroscale SLIPS, (ii) a water-wet macroscale SLIPS, and (iii) a microscale SLIPS. These SLIPS mechanisms would influence the degree of ice-bed coupling and therefore the proportion and rates of sliding and basal deformation. By understanding the physics occurring at the ice-bed interface it is possible to better predict glacier flow conditions. It is therefore critical that properties affecting wettability and water shedding of sediments such as the presence of an oil are considered in our understanding of transient flow conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".