Multi-instrument observations of polar cap patches and traveling ionospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solar wind Alfvén waves [1] coupling to the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere (MIT) have been associated with high-intensity long-duration continuous auroral electrojet activity [2] and shown to modulate ionospheric convection in the cusp generating polar cap patches and atmospheric gravity waves [3,4]. The Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radars (RISR-C and RISR-N) [5] are well suited for observing the ionospheric signatures of flux transfer events and subsequent polar patch formation in the cusp. During minor to moderate geomagnetic storms caused by corotating interaction regions at the leading edge of solar wind high speed streams polar patches were observed as they convected over the RISR, and the Canadian High-Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) ionosondes and GPS receivers [6]. The patches were generated by the MIT coupling of Alfvén waves in the upstream solar wind. The coupling process modulated the ionospheric convection and the intensity of ionospheric currents, including auroral electrojets. The horizontal equivalent ionospheric currents and vertical current amplitudes are estimated from the ground-based magnetometer data using an inversion technique [7]. Pulses of ionospheric currents that are a source of Joule heating in the lower thermosphere launched atmospheric gravity waves causing traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) propagating equatorward. TIDs were observed in the SuperDARN HF radar ground scatter [8], in the detrended GPS TEC maps, and in one case, in the altitude profiles of ionospheric electron densities observed by the Poker Flat ISR [9]. [1] Belcher, JW, Davis, L, Jr. 1971. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 3534–3563. [2] Tsurutani, BT, Gonzalez, WD. 1987. Planet. Space Sci. 35(4), 405–412. [3] Prikryl, P, et al., 1999. Ann. Geophys. 17, 463–489. [4] Prikryl, P, et al., 2005. Ann. Geophys. 23, 401–417. [5] Gillies RG, et al., 2016. Radio Sci., 51(10):1645-1659. [6] Jayachandran, PT, et al., 2009. Radio Sci., 44, RS0A03. [7] Weygand, JM, et al., 2011. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A03305. [8] Chisham, G., et al., 2007. Surv. Geophys. 28, 33–109. [9] Heinselman, CJ, Nicolls, MJ, 2008. Radio Sci., 43, RS5013.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".