Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Baking powders contain leavening acids that activate gas‐releasing agents such as sodium bicarbonate. This is a review of the patent literature on phosphate‐based leavening acids developed between 1856 and 2019. Overall, 174 patented inventions were found on 28 phosphate‐based compounds, which corresponded to more than half of the inventions disclosed on leavening acids. Inventors had a strong interest in monocalcium phosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and, to a lesser extent, sodium aluminium phosphate and miscellaneous acid phosphates. As cheap alternatives to tartrates, most early phosphate‐based leavening acids were difficult to keep because they had a high affinity for moisture and tended to react prematurely with gas‐releasing agents in baking powders. The evolution of phosphates in chemical leavening reflected changes in the consumption of bakery foods, especially in the United States where chemical leavening has been very popular for food preparations like prepared flours, ready‐to‐use bakery mixes and refrigerated doughs. Sodium‐free phosphates are solutions to reduce salt intake in food. Alternatives to phosphates are searched due to potential health issues.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".