The Utilization of Corn Stalks as Biochar to Adsorb BOD and COD in Hospital Wastewater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biochar preparation from biomass and organic materials such as fruit peels, livestock manure, wood chips, and other agricultural residues has been studied. Those materials are prepared through a pyrolysis process, heating at a specific temperature, then utilized for adsorption waste pollution such as heavy metal ions. This study aimed to produce activated biochar from corn stalks (ABCS) as an adsorbent of BOD and COD in hospital wastewater. Activation of the biochar was carried out with an activator agent, namely ZnCl2. The moisture and ash content of activated biochar with a pyrolysis temperature of 400℃ and 500℃ meet SNI. SEM-EDS determined the pore and elements analysis. ABCS consist of 44.88 % and 60.56% of the carbon produced with different temperature of 400℃ and 500℃, respectively. One gram of ABCS reduced COD up to 71.4% in 4.5 hours and a maximum of 56.83% of BOD in 3 hours. While in an hour, a maximum of 2.5 g ABCS decreased COD 62.5% and 71.1% of BOD with the most of 1.5 g ABCS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".