A Reconfigurable 5-Channel Ring-Oscillator-Based TDC for Direct Time-of-Flight 3D Imaging
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) 3D imaging requires the digitization of photon arrival times across an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The most critical performance metrics of time-to-digital converters (TDC) in TCSPC applications are their conversion rate (CR), area, and power consumption. This paper presents a multi-channel RObased TDC architecture whose power consumption scales with its configurable resolution for power-sensitive applications. Further power savings are achieved by sharing one RO among multiple TDC channels. We have demonstrated that sharing one RO among five channels reduces the power consumption by more than 75 relative to non-shared architectures. Here, a 5-channel 12-bit TDC is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS with an area of 1920 um2 per channel. It demonstrates CR up to 125 MHz and offers a resolution configurable over the range of 24-133 ps. At a CR of 125 MHz, the TDC power consumption per channel is 0.1 mW and 1 mW per channel at 133 ps and 24 ps resolution, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it