Index

Citation (2022), "Index", Karalekas, D., Liu, F.-k. and Moldicz, C. (Ed.) Middle-Power Responses to China’s BRI and America’s Indo-Pacific Strategy, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-023-920220018 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2022 Dean Karalekas, Fu-kuo Liu, and Csaba Moldicz. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Abominable (DreamWorks movie), 33 Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), 6, 108 Air-sea and space-cyber architectures, 11 Aluminum tariffs, 47 American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 107–108 Anglo-Saxon literature, 92 Anti Access/Area Denial strategies (A2/AD strategies), 5, 11, 108 Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), 115 Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), 148 Art of War, The (Tzu), 117 Artificial intelligence (AI), 8–9, 181, 198 ASEAN Connectivity 2025, 144 Asia bloc, 54 Asian Infrastructure Development Bank (AIIB), 53–54, 92, 107, 132 Aspirational Asia, 9 Assassin’s mace (shashaojian) concept, 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 6–7, 33, 45–46, 53, 82, 129, 142, 163 Belt and Road Initiative, 129–130 implementation challenges, 134–135 implications on trade, investment, and people, 130–132 Indo-Pacific Strategy, 129–130 perspective on BRI and strategic link to code of conduct, 132–134 perspectives on Indo-Pacific strategy, 136–139 Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus Six (ASEAN + 6), 53 2030 automotive revolution, 60 Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA), 145 Beijing strategy, 112–114 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 4, 6, 12, 39–40, 53, 75–76, 92, 107, 129–130, 141, 163, 197 aims and organizational features, 91–93 BRI 2.0, 111–112 development, 78 Europe’s response to China’s BRI, 55–58 Philippines and, 143–151 strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level, 43 Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act of 2018), 116, 138–139 Biden administration’s approach, 17–18 Biden’s Interim National Security Strategic Guidance, 170–171 Biden’s policy, 170–171 Bilateral Consultative Mechanism (BCM), 148–149 Bilateral investment treaty (BIT), 56 Blue Dot Network (BDN), 116, 130, 138, 163–164, 168, 170 Blue economic passages, 45 Blue engine, 45 Blue partnership, 45 Brookings Institution, 113 Build Back Better World Partnership (B3W Partnership), 170–171 Build Build Build flagship program, 141 Capital flow, 130–131 Catalysts of Indo-Pacific maritime security dynamics, 7–9 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), 57, 77 Central Asian societies, 96 “China as civilizational power” narrative, 3 China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC), 94 China Investment Corporation (CIC), 94 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), 94 China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway, 98 China’s Maritime Silk Road project, 4 China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (C-PEC), 43, 110 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 105, 163–164 Chinese fishing vessels, 32–33 Chinese investment strategies to enhance long-term goals, 43–44 Chinese land acquisition, 96–97 Chinese migration, 96 Chinese wave, 146–147 Code of Conduct (CoC), 132–134 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 92 Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), 184–185 Community of common destiny, 42 Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), 56, 83 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 6 Comprehensive connectivity, 75–76 Connectivity Strategy, 76, 80, 83 Connectivity Strategy for Europe and Asia , 56 Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd. (CATL), 62 Continental shelf (CS), 30 Continental shelf matters, 32–34 Counterterrorism, 153 Counterterrorism cooperation (CTC), 146 COVID-19 outbreak, 12–13 pandemic, 14–15, 146 Customary law, 25–26 Cyber norms, 167 Cyberspace, 198 Debt trap, 112, 114, 131 Dictatorship diplomacy, 49 Digital Leninism, 200–201 Digital Silk Road (DSR). See also Maritime Silk Road (MSR), 163–164, 167–168, 199 China’s technological advancement and dominance, 200–203 regional proliferation, 203–206 Duterte administration, 142–144 East Asia Summit (EAS), 136–137 East Coast Rail Link, 112–113 Economic sustainability, 78–79 Electric vehicles (EVs), 60 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), 151–152 Eurasian Development Bank, 95–96 Europe-Asia connectivity strategy, 75–76, 80 BRI, 78 European Empire Strikes, 81–83 European Front, 76–78 systemic rival’ concept, 84 Europe’s response to China’s BRI, 55–58 European Union (EU), 53–54, 75–76, 179 digital transition, 191–192 divided over China, 190 EU–China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation, 76–77 Exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 30, 32, 34 Executive Order 13959, 185 5G networks, 57, 169, 181–182, 205 Flow of labor, 131–132 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 79, 130–131 Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018, 184–185 Forward-basing and strengthening of regional alliances, 11 4IR, 198–200 Free and open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), 151 Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs), 4, 26, 30, 154 G2 phenomenon in automotive industry, 59–63 Game of loans, 43–44 Gaven Reef, 28 Germany’s approach to China’s rise, 58–59 Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), 167 Group of Seven (G7), 138–139 meeting, 170–171 summit, 59 Guanxi , 41 Guizhou Province, 148 Hambantota port, Sri Lanka, 44 Huawei, 58, 168–169, 181–182 Huawei Corp., 150 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., 198 Hughes Reef, 28–29 Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations (HADR operations), 15 Humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR), 153 Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept, 136–137 Indo-Pacific region, 3 catalysts of Indo-Pacific maritime security dynamics, 7–9 post COVID-19 maritime geopolitics in Indo-Pacific, 12–15 reemergence of great powers in, 9–12 transformational dynamics of Indo-Pacific maritime security architecture, 5–7 vistas of Indo-Pacific maritime order, 15–18 Indo-Pacific Strategy, 129–130, 141 perspectives on, 136–139 Information and communications technology (ICT), 163, 198 China as potential rule-maker, 166–167 Digital Silk Road, 167–168 framework of power struggles in, 164–165 Trump’s legacy or Biden’s policy, 170–171 US dominance in ICT area, 165–166 US responses and BDN, 168–170 Information Silk Road. See Digital Silk Road (DSR) Information technology (IT), 181–182 Initial public offering (IPO), 60–61 Innovation, 184 Intellectual property (IP), 184 Interim National Security Strategic Guidance (INSSG), 17 International Finance Corporation (IFC), 131 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 55, 112 International rules-based connectivity, 75–76 Internet, 198 Investment, 130–131 Islamic State (IS), 146 Jack Ma Foundation, 150 Kazakhstan, 91, 93–94 case, 94–97 political elite, 95 Uyghurs, 100–101 Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (government-owned daily newspaper), 97 Khorgos railway cargo, 94–95 Kuomintang (KMT), 105 Kyrgyzstan, 91, 93–94 case, 97–99 infrastructural investments in, 98 Law of the Sea Convention, 26 Lawfare, 13 Low-tide elevation (LTE), 27 Lowy Institute, 113 Made in China 2025 initiative, 181 Malacca Strait, 42 Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), 154 Maritime multilateralism, 12 Maritime Silk Road (MSR), 39–40, 114, 197 analytical framework, 39–40 Chinese investment strategies to enhance long-term goals, 43–44 containment at great-power scale, 45–48 literature review, 40–42 military implications, 48–49 strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level, 43 Memorandum of understanding (MOU), 204–205 Military Assistance Agreement (MAA), 151–152 Military Bases Agreement in 1947, 151–152 Military transformations, 12 developments, 10–11 Mischief Reef, 28–31 Mutual Defense Board and Security Engagement Board (MDB-SEB), 155 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT), 31, 151 National Basketball Association (NBA), 117 National Defense Authorization Act (2019), 168–169 National Identity, 107–109 National rejuvenation, three enablers of, 109–111 National Security Policy 2017–2022 (NSP), 141 National Security Strategy (NSS), 30, 141, 143 NATO, 187–188 New bipolar world order, 179–182 EU divided over China, 190 EU’s digital transition, 191–192 relations and tensions between United States and European Union, 187–189 technological competition between United States and China, 184–187 US–China Relations during Trump Administration, 182–184 New Europe countries, 180 New Silk Road, 92 Non-Clausewitzian War, 117–118 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 53 Nuclear ballistic and cruise missile deployments, 11 Official investment, 130–131 One Belt One Road (OBOR), 144, 197 initiative, 91 project, 75 scheme, 53 Online Silk Road. See Digital Silk Road (DSR) Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG), 167 Oralmans, 96 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 92 Panhua Group, 150 Paracel Islands, 30 Paris Club, 113–114 Pax Sinica , 6–7 Pentagon’s Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines (OEF-P), 154 People-to-people connectivity, 131–132 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 4, 33, 108 People’s Liberation Army-Navy (PLAN), 4, 114 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 3, 26, 32, 39, 53, 76–77, 105, 129–131, 141, 179 Peripheral diplomacy, 114 Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, 147 Philippine Bureau of Immigration, 146 Philippine Development Plan 2018–2022, 141, 143 Philippine National Police, 153 Philippine Offshore Gaming Operations (POGOs), 147 Philippine-American alliance, 152–153 Philippines, 141 and BRI, 143–151 government, 143 national security interests, 142 and US Indo-Pacific Strategy, 151–155 Piraeus Port Authority, 112 Portfolio investment, 130–131 Post COVID-19 maritime geopolitics in Indo-Pacific, 12–15 Quad potential, 47–48 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), 6–7, 17, 130 Regional Comprehensive Partnership contest, 6 Renminbi (RMB), 110 Republic of China (ROC), 105 Research and development centers (R&D centers), 186 Revisionist power, 164 Rhodium Group, 113 Romance of three economic blocs, 54–55 common concern, 63–64 Europe’s response to China’s BRI, 55–58 G2 phenomenon in automotive industry, 59–63 Germany’s approach to China’s rise, 58–59 Rules-based international order, 17 Russian-Belarusian-Kazakh Customs Union , 98 Sea lines of communication (SLOCs), 39, 42, 114 Sea-based missile defenses, 11–12 Second Thomas Shoal, 28 Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act, 168–169 Senkaku Islands, 108–109 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 92 framework, 93 Silk Road Economic Belt, 53, 75 Silk Road Spirit, 45 Single Draft South China Sea Code of Conduct Negotiating Text (SDNT), 132–134 Sino-American geopolitics and geo-economics BRI 2.0, 111–112 global response, 115–116 grand plan and six stabilities, 107 national identity, 107–109 new era of president Xi, 106–107 new realities in Western Ocean for noninterference, 115 Non-Clausewitzian War, 117–118 peripheral diplomacy, 114 Sri Lanka, 112–114 three enablers of national rejuvenation, 109–111 war, 116–117 Sino-US trade war, 60 Six stabilities, 107 South China Sea (SCS), 25, 39, 46, 141 Arbitration Award, 27–30 EEZ and continental shelf matters, 32–34 US Actions in SCS after 2016 SCS Arbitration, 30–31 US legal opinions on China’s South China Sea claims, 26–27 US Repromise and Regional Response, 31–32 Spratly Islands, 30 State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 109–110 Steel tariffs, 47 Strategic Air Force (Hui), 108 Strategic encirclement affected by BRI at regional level, 43 String of Pearls, 45 Subi Reef, 28–29 Sustainable connectivity, 75–76 Systemic rival’ concept, 84 TCP/IP v6 standard, 166 Tech Cold War, 181–182 Technology transfer, 184 Tencent, 117 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), 10 3IR, 198–200 Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP Agreement), 136 Transformational dynamics of Indo-Pacific maritime security architecture, 5–7 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), 132–134 Tribunal, 28–29 Trump’s legacy, 170–171 Turkestan. kz portal, 97 Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road, 53–54, 75 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 25–26, 132, 134 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 46, 180 United States (US), 180 Actions in SCS after 2016 SCS Arbitration, 30–31 Coast Guard, 32 concerns and efforts to contain China, 45–47 Department of Defense, 26 dominance in ICT area, 165–166 Indo-Pacific Strategy, 151–155 International Development Finance Corporation, 116 legal opinions on China’s South China Sea claims, 26–27 military presence, 33 Repromise and Regional Response, 31–32 supremacy in Indo-Pacific region, 46 US-Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016, 117 US–China Relations during Trump Administration, 182–184 US–China trade war, 186 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 54 Unsinkable aircraft carrier, 108 US Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 138–139 Uyghur issue, 100–101 Visa Upon Arrival program (VUA program), 146 Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), 151–152 Vistas of Indo-Pacific maritime order, 15–18 Voice of East Turkistan, The , 100–101 Volkswagen, 61–62 War, 3, 14, 32, 41, 47, 50, 55, 61, 108, 116–117, 164 Weiqi , 41 West Philippine Sea (WPS), 142 Western Ocean, 114 new realities in Western Ocean for noninterference, 115 World Health Organization (WHO), 14 World Internet Conference (WIC), 199 World Trade Organization (WTO), 55 Xinjiang Province, 93, 100–101 Zhas Alash , 97 ZTE Corp., 198 Book Chapters Prelims Part 1 Perspectives on the Competing BRI-FOIP Strategies Chapter 1 Geopolitical Templates, Trends, and Transformation: The Evolving Maritime Security Architecture and Implications for the Indo-Pacific Chapter 2 Analysis of Legal Warfare and Corresponding Actions in the South China Sea Chapter 3 Clash of Interests between China and the United States along the Development of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Chapter 4 The Romance of Three Economic Blocs: EU-China Economic Relations Evolving in an Era of Uncertainty Part 2 Responses by Individual Countries/Regions Chapter 5 Europe-Asia Connectivity Strategy: A Balancing Act vis-à-vis China's Belt and Road Initiative? Chapter 6 China's Central Asian Nexus and the New Silk Road Project: Comparing the Cases of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan Chapter 7 The Sino-American Geopolitics and Geo-Economics from Taiwan to Sri Lanka and beyond Chapter 8 ASEAN's Perspective on the Belt and Road Initiative and Indo-Pacific Strategy Chapter 9 Philippine National Security Interests and Responses to China's Belt and Road Initiative and US Indo-Pacific Strategy Part 3 Competition in the Digital Domain Chapter 10 Great Power Politics on Information and Communications Technology: Between the United States’ Blue Dot Network and China's Belt and Road Initiative Chapter 11 The Fight for Economic and Digital Supremacy in the New Bipolar World Order: The EU's Response to Global Challenges Chapter 12 Assessing the Economic and Political Success of the Digital Silk Road throughout the Indo-Pacific Region Index

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