Medial septum glutamate neurons are essential for spatial goal-directed memory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The medial septum (MS), a brain region containing acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate neurons, is essential for learning and memory. However, whether MS glutamate neurons contribute to memory is unknown. Here, we use calcium imaging and optogenetic silencing to determine the function of MS glutamate neurons in mice performing a spatial allocentric memory navigation task. While MS glutamate neurons appeared randomly active during free exploration, two groups of glutamate neurons emerged during training in a five-arm star maze, distinguished by their peak activity. The largest group was predominantly activated before locomotion whereas the other was primarily active when mice reached the reward site. Both populations were preferentially activated for correct over incorrect trajectories. Interestingly, optogenetic silencing of MS glutamate neurons immediately before mice start navigating, induced significant spatial memory impairments. Together these results demonstrate that MS glutamate neurons heterogeneously encode navigationally relevant information and are essential for spatial learning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".